Édouard Manet (1832-1883) was a pioneering French painter who played a crucial role in the transition from Realism to Impressionism in the 19th century, influencing the direction of modern art.

Born in 1832 in Paris, Manet was the son of a high-ranking French civil servant.  Despite his family's desire for him to pursue a career in law, Manet chose to follow his passion for art.

Manet's early training included studies under the academic painter Thomas Couture and extensive visits to art galleries across Europe. These experiences exposed him to the work of the Old Masters, which significantly shaped his developing style.

His first major work, 'The Absinthe Drinker' (1859), showcased his interest in contemporary life and marked a departure from the classical subjects favoured by the French Academy.

One of Manet's most famous and controversial works, Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe) (1862-3) rejected traditional academic conventions by depicting a nude woman in a contemporary setting with clothed men.  This painting caused an uproar when it was exhibited at the Salon des Refusés but also established Manet as a bold innovator.

Another significant work, 'Olympia' (1865), continued to challenge artistic norms with its unapologetic portrayal of a nude courtesan.  Manet's technique was notable for its loose brushwork, striking contrasts and use of light, which paved the way for the Impressionists, a group of artists that included Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

Though Manet himself never exhibited with the Impressionists, he was closely associated with their movement and often painted alongside them.

Throughout his career, Manet explored a variety of subjects, from everyday scenes in Paris to still lifes and portraits. His later works, such as 'A Bar at the Folies-Bergère' (1882), are celebrated for their innovative compositions and vibrant use of colour.